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Working of Institutions in Democracy: In-Depth Guide

Explore how the legislature, executive, and judiciary function together in a democracy. Learn key processes, checks & balances, and FAQs...
Working of Institutions in Democracy: In-Depth Guide Working of Institutions in Democracy: In-Depth Guide

Working of Institutions in Democracy: In-Depth Guide

Introduction

In any democracy, the working of institutions—the legislature, executive, and judiciary—defines how power is shared, laws are made, and rights are protected. This guide offers a super SEO-friendly, mobile-responsive overview, enriched with tables, examples, and FAQs for higher ranking and better user engagement.

Overview of Democratic Institutions

Institution Composition Functions Checks & Balances
Legislature Bicameral: Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
  • Lawmaking
  • Budget Approval
  • Executive Oversight
 Presidential Assent; Judicial Review
Executive Prime Minister & Council of Ministers; Civil Services
  • Policy Formulation
  • Administration
  • Implementation
 Parliamentary Confidence; Legislative Scrutiny
Judiciary Supreme Court, High Courts, Subordinate Courts
  • Constitutional Interpretation
  • Judicial Review
  • PILs
 Appointment Safeguards; Constitutional Limits

1. Legislature: The Law-Making Body

The legislature enacts laws, approves budgets, and holds the executive accountable. Key aspects include:

1.1 Composition & Roles

Lok Sabha members are directly elected for five years; Rajya Sabha members serve six-year staggered terms.

1.2 Law-Making Process

  1. Bill Introduction
  2. Committee Review
  3. Three Readings & Debates
  4. Presidential Assent & Publication

Note: Money Bills originate in Lok Sabha; Rajya Sabha can only suggest amendments within 14 days.

2. Executive: Policy to Practice

The executive transforms legislation into action.

2.1 Political vs Permanent Executive

Political executive (PM & Ministers) sets policies; permanent executive (bureaucrats) implements them.

2.2 Policy Cycle

Steps: Agenda Setting → Policy Formulation → Implementation → Evaluation & Feedback.

Example: Swachh Bharat Mission showcases cross-ministry coordination.

3. Judiciary: Guardian of the Constitution

The judiciary ensures laws and actions conform to the Constitution.

3.1 Judicial Review & Basic Structure

Court power to invalidate laws/actions that violate fundamental rights or basic structure doctrine.

3.2 Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

PILs expand access to justice for marginalized groups.

4. Checks & Balances

  • Legislature: Can remove executive via no-confidence.
  • Executive: Can advise President on ordinances.
  • Judiciary: Reviews both legislative and executive acts.

5. Conclusion

Robust democratic institutions, clear separation of powers, and mutual checks ensure responsive governance. Understanding these systems of democracy empowers informed citizenship and civic participation.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What is the main function of the legislature?

To draft, debate, and pass laws; control public finances; and oversee the executive.

Q2: How does judicial review work?

Courts can strike down laws/actions that conflict with the Constitution’s provisions.

Q3: What is a money bill?

A bill exclusively dealing with taxation or government spending, originating in Lok Sabha.

Q4: What are PILs?

Litigations filed by citizens or groups to protect public interest or enforce rights.

Q5: How can the executive be held accountable?

Through parliamentary questions, debates, and no-confidence motions in Lok Sabha.

My name is Rajesh Kumar, and I am from Gharsana, Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan. I have completed my Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in 2017 and Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) in 2019 from Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner. I hold a Master’s degree (M.A.) in Philosophy, completed in 2022, and I am currently pursuing M.A. in Sociology. I have work experience in the insurance sector and possess strong skills in MS Office, typing, and I hold a certificate in RSCIT. I am fluent in Hindi, Punjabi, and English. At present, I am preparing for competitive exams like DSSSB and UGC NET (Philosophy). I also run educational blog called “The Govt Guide” & "Literary Sphere", where I post content related to NCERT Notes, Govt job vacancy, literature and exam preparation. My hobbies include playing chess and reading books.